The world is increasingly aware that climate change could eventually destroy the earth as we know it – but over decades if not centuries. This paper concluded that citizen's participation in community‐driven development projects in Afghanistan is placed at informing and consultation stages and, in some projects, could be placed at the placation stage of Arnstein's model of citizen participation. The paper has found out that poverty, deinstitutionalised Community Development Councils (CDCs), low level of literacy, lack of volunteering culture, male‐dominance in decision‐making processes, defects in CCNPP operational processes including limited time frame, predefined services, power‐seeking facilitating partners, area selection, and weak CDCs are among the major barriers affecting citizen participation in community‐driven projects in Afghanistan. Employing a qualitative approach, we have conducted semi‐structured interviews and focus group discussions with local communities, elders of the community development councils, community development experts and practitioners. This paper has utilised Arnstein's model of citizen's participation – the eight stages of citizen participation ladder – to assess the major barriers affecting citizen engagement in community‐driven development projects in Afghanistan. The World Bank has prioritised and implemented the Citizen Charter National Priority Program (CCNPP) – a community‐driven development program aiming to broadly engage local communities in planning and implementation of the community‐driven development projects in Afghanistan. Interventions promoting participation by increasing citizens’ pressures on politicians to hold providers to account are also not usually able to influence service delivery. However, citizen engagement interventions alone are not effective where services are accessed independently of service provider staff, for example road infrastructure. We show that interventions promoting citizen engagement through participatory priority setting or accountability mechanisms are often effective in stimulating active citizen engagement in service delivery and realising improvements in access to services, where they facilitate direct engagement between service users and front-line service providers, such as in health care. This paper systematically reviews participation and accountability mechanisms in a range of sectors, drawing on principles of realist evaluation to develop and test middle-range theory using framework synthesis and statistical meta-analysis. by enabling citizens to hold service providers accountable) or the top down (by enabling service providers to be held accountable by the State). However, there is a debate about whether effective approaches to improving governance processes operate from the bottom up (e.g. It also reveals that a large proportion of the population of Afghanistan (44.6 percent) was food insecure between 20 although a wide range of programs and projects were implemented by the Afghan government and international organizations to address food insecurity.Įffective, accountable and transparent institutions, that engage in inclusive and participatory governance, are crucial for the sustainability of global development investments. The review of the literature demonstrates that Afghanistan has national and international commitments to ensure the access of Afghans to the right to food. He scrutinized a variety of reports regarding the analysis of food security in the country. The writer looked into various legal documents of Afghanistan with regard to the right to food and food security. It also discusses food security situations in the country. The main purpose of the paper is to explore the legal framework for the right to food in Afghanistan. The international laws mandate states all around the world to take serious steps and actions to ensure the access of people to the right to food. The right to food is a human right recognized by international human rights and humanitarian laws.
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